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Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach provides researchers and students with a user-friendly, step-by-step guide to planning qualitative research. Research Design Week 4 Lecture 1 Agenda Triangulation What is research design Two broad categories of research methodology The data source Measurement instruments.
. Aland Islands. Albania. Andorra. Armenia. Austria. Azerbaijan.
Belarus. Belgium. Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bulgaria.
Croatia. Cyprus. Czech Republic. Denmark.
Estonia. Finland. France. Georgia.
Germany. Gibraltar.
Greece. Greenland.
Holy See (Vatican City State). Hungary. Iceland. Ireland. Italy. Latvia. Liechtenstein.
Lithuania. Luxembourg. Macedonia. Malta. Moldova.
Monaco. Montenegro. Netherlands. Norway. Poland.
Portugal. Romania. Russia. Serbia. Slovakia. Slovenia. Spain.
Sweden. Switzerland. Turkey. Ukraine. United Kingdom.
American Samoa. Australia. Bangladesh. Bhutan.
British Indian Ocean Territory. Brunei.
Cambodia. China. Christmas Island. Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Cook Islands.
Fiji. Guam. India. Indonesia. Japan. Kazakhstan.
Korea (the Republic of). Kyrgyzstan.
Laos. Malaysia.
Maldives. Mongolia. Myanmar. Nepal. New Zealand. Pakistan.
Papua New Guinea. Philippines. Samoa.
Singapore. Solomon Islands.
Sri Lanka. Tajikistan. Thailand.
Timor-Leste. Tonga. Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan.
Vanuatu. Vietnam. Description This is an accessible and practical introduction to research that addresses the broadest spectrum of research methodologies of interest to the student or new research, from experimental and survey approaches to program evaluation and ethnography. Research Essentials includes key interpretive and qualitative strategies. The book shows the role that research plays in the social sciences and education, followed by an overview of research traditions. It offers practical examples and relevant resources across the disciplines. Other features include study questions, lists of relevant journals, web sites, and organizations.
About the Author Stephen D. Lapan, PhD, is professor in the College of Education at Northern Arizona University and directs its Curriculum and Instruction Doctoral Program. He has conducted research, including program evaluations, and has developed and taught courses in statistics, tests and measurements, program evaluation, action research, introduction to research, and paradigms for research. Currently, he teaches introductory and advanced research courses. Quartaroli, EDD, is project director of the NEXUS Math/Science grant to Northern Arizona University project for Science Foundation Arizona. She teaches paradigms of research in education and advanced curriculum seminar classes for Northern Arizona University's Curriculum and Instruction Doctoral Program.
Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants (K. Ethical Standards. The Genesis of Research Standards. Federal Regulations for Ethical Research. Institutional Review Boards. Minimizing Risks to Participants. Informed Consent.
Confidentiality and Anonymity. Publishing Research.
Social Consequences of Unethical Research. Reading and Evaluating Studies. Further Readings and Resources. Understanding Literature Reviews (G. McAllister and A. Understanding Literature Reviews. What Is a Literature Review?
Basic Elements of a Literature Review. Types of Literature Reviews. Literature Reviews and Rigor. How to Read a Literature Review. Value of the Studies.
Writing a Literature Review. Set Your Parameters.
Conduct Your Research. Analyze the Literature.
Focus on the Purpose of Your Literature Review. Write Up the Literature Review. Further Readings and Resources. Essential Elements of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research (W. Experimental Research Today.
Essential Elements of Experimental Research. Processes of Designing and Conducting Experimental Research. Formulating Experimental Conditions and Procedures. Reducing Imprecision in Measurement. Controlling Extraneous Experimental Influences. Experimental Designs. Randomized Posttest Only Control Group Design.
Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Randomized Multiple Treatments and Control with Pretest Design. Randomized Longitudinal Design.
External Validity. Quasi-Experimental Research. Nonequivalent Control Group Design.
Untreated Control Group Design with Dependent Pretest and Posttest Samples Using a Double Pretest. Multiple Time-Series Design. Further Readings and Resources. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research (G. Overview of Nonexperimental Research. Variables and Their Measurement. Defining Variables.
Phrasing Questions. Classifying Nonexperimental Research. Classification Based on Purpose (Dimension 1).
Classification Based on Time (Dimension 2). Combining Classification Dimensions. Causal Explanations and Nonexperimental Studies. Requirements for Causality. Ruling Out Alternative Hypotheses.
Analysis and Interpretation in Nonexperimental Studies. Discussion Questions or Activities. Further Readings and Resources. A Primer of Survey Methods (M.
Berends and G. What Is Survey Research? Surveys You Know. The Research Process.
Choosing a Topic. Focusing the Research: Concepts and Constructs.
Hypotheses, Variables, and Operationalization. Independent Versus Dependent Variables. Writing Good Survey Questions. Piloting and Cognitive Interviews. Sampling, Response Rates, and Nonresponse. Probability or Random Sampling. Simple, Stratified, and Systemic Samples.
Nonprobability Sampling. Response Rates and Nonresponse. Is the Framework Intact? Data Reduction. Types of Surveys. Face-to-Face Interviews.
Telephone Surveys. Mail Surveys. Internet and Web-Based Surveys. Ethical Issues in Survey Research.
Ways to Ensure Confidentiality and Increase Anonymity. Informed Consent. Ethics Beyond Data Collection. Further Readings and Resources. Quantitative Data Analysis (M.
What Do Those Numbers Mean? Meanings of Numbers. Summarizing Data: Descriptive Statistics. Frequency Distributions. Distribution Patterns. Types of Numerical Data. Measures of Central Tendency.
Measures of Variability. Measures of Relative Position. Measures of Relationship. Descriptive Statistics Are Important. Generalizing Results: Inferential Statistics. Tests of Significance.
Selection of the Statistical Tests. Using Inferential Statistics for Decision Making. Evaluating Reports with Quantitative Data. Further Readings and Resources. Understanding Meta-Analyses (G. What Is Meta-Analysis?
Meta-Analysis Illustrated. Evaluating Meta-Analyses. Another Example. Further Readings and Resources.
Evaluating Historical Research (L. Basics of Historical Research. How Are Questions Posed, or 'So What'? Intriguing and Important Questions. Filling a Gap.
Interpretive Differences. Exploring Current Policy. What Data Are Used, or 'How Do You Know'? Primary Sources. Secondary Sources. What Is the Interpretation, or 'Why Do You Think That'? Foci of Historical Studies.
Perspective on History. Categories of Analysis. Types of Historical Research.
Learning More. Further Readings and Resources. Case Study Research (S.
Purposes of Program Case Studies. Program Case Study Designs. One-Shot or Snapshot Design. Longitudinal Design. Comparison Design. Identifying the Case. Planning and Conducting Case Studies.
Case Study Example: The Sentinel Middle School TILE Program. Case Study Question 1: Influence on Instructional Planning. Case Study Question 2: Student Thinking in Classroom Discussions. Common Case Study Characteristics. Learning from Case Studies. Trusting Case Study Reports.
Further Readings and Resources. Program Evaluation (S. What Is Evaluation? The Logic of Evaluation. Qualitative Versus Quantitative Data.
Forms of Evaluation. Definition of a Program. Purposes of Program Evaluation. Program Evaluation History. How Is Evaluation Done?
Evaluation Agreement. Criteria and Standard Selection. Measuring Through Data Collection. Synthesizing and Reporting Study Results. Trusting Program Evaluation Findings.
Ethics in Evaluation Studies. Judging Program Evaluation Studies. Evaluator Qualifications. Evaluation Planning. Evaluation Design.
Evaluation Process. Data Richness. Study Validity. Study Report. Further Readings and Resources.
Ethnography Research (F. Groping in the Dark.
What Is Ethnography Research? Ethnography Is Descriptive.
Ethnographic Methods. Data Collection. Risks of Ethnography Research.
Ethnographic Data Analysis. Writing Up Field Notes. Writing Up Ethnography Research. Problems of Representation. Reading Ethnography.
What Should a Reader Do? Practice Your Reading Skills. Further Readings and Resources. Feminism(s): Critique and Transformation (R.
Feminism in Academic and Popular Discourse. Variability Among Feminisms. Waves of Feminism. African American Feminists Broaden the Conversation.
Feminism(s) and the Critique of Science. Critique Related to Women’s Participation in Scientific Endeavors. Critique Related to the Erasure of Knowledge About Successful Women Scientists. Critique Related to the Patriarchal Nature of Science. Critique Related to the Epistemology of Science.
Possibilities for a Feminist Epistemology. Feminism(s) and Research Method and Methodology. Resisting a Doctrine of Neutrality.
Experimental Research Design
Interrupting Efforts to Simplify and Universalize Knowledge. Studying How Women and Other Marginalized People Experience Life. Researching with Intention to Transform Society. Further Readings and Resources. Using Multiple Methods Approaches (P. Nichols, and K.
What Is Multimethod Research? Potential Benefits of Multimethod Research. An Early Comment on the Benefits of Multiple Methods Research. Adaptability of Multimethod Research. Strength and Quality of Inferencing. Summary of Benefits.
Multimethod Research Design. Sampling Schemes. Multimethod Sampling. Research Design Conclusion.
Further Readings and Resources. Qualitative Data Analysis (M. Words, Words, Words 'Now What'. Organizing the Data.
Describing the Data. Coding the Data. How Patterns Emerge. Representing the Findings. Writing Memos.
Qualitative Research Design
Creating Vignettes. Developing Metaphors. Creating Diagrams or Displays.
Building Theory. Data Analysis Is Iterative. Evaluating Reports with Qualitative Data.
Further Readings and Resources. Applying Research Methods to Professional Practice (D.
Hopkins and E. What Is Action Research? Models of Action Research. Kemmis Model.
Elliott Model. Ebbutt Model. Methods of Action Research. Developing a Focus. Practitioner Reflection in Action. Data Collection Methods. A Framework for Data Analysis.
Data Collection. Further Readings and Resources. Research, Policy, and Practice: The Great Disconnect (D. Origins of Faith and Apostasy in Research as a Guide to Practice.
Examples of the Problem. Why the Disconnect? The Privacy Problem. The Changed Roles Problem. The Problem of Complexity in Classrooms and Other Social Settings. The Problem of Science When It Delves into the Arts. The Problem of Quality in Research.
The Problem of Relevance. The Problem of Accessibility to Ideas by Practitioners.
The Problems of Stability and Instability in the Education System. How Might Things Change?
Research Design. 1.
RESEARCH DESIGN Presented by:- SEEMA R.L-O748 MBA. WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN?
Task of defining the research problem is the preparation of the research project, popularly known as the “research design'. Decisions regarding what, where, when, how much, by what means concerning an inquiry or a research study constitute a research design. Meaning of research design A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Research design have following parts Sampling design Observational design Statistical design Operational design. Sampling designs Which deals with the methods of selecting items to be observed for the study. Observational design Which relates to the condition under which the observation are to be create. Statistical design Which concern the question of the of How the information and data gathered are to be analyzed?
Operational design Which deals with techniques by which the procedures satisfied in sampling. Features of a good research design A research design appropriate for a particular research problem, usually involves the following features. The mean of obtaining information.
The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any. The objective of the problem to be studied.
The nature of the problem to be studied. The availability of time and money for the research work. Important concepts relating to research design Dependent and independent variables: a concept which can take on different quantitative values is called a variable. A phenomena which can take on different qualitatively values even in decimal value are called continues.
Types Of Research Design
Extraneous variables That are not related to the purpose of the study but may effect on the dependent variables are termed as the extraneous variables For e.g.:-. Example of this Suppose a researcher want to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between children gains in social studies achievement and their self concept. In this case self-concept =independent variable Social studies achievement =dependent variable Intelligence may as well affect on the social achievement. But it is not related to the study undertaken by the researcher so it is a Extraneous variable. Control One important characteristic of a good research is to minimize the influence or effect.
The terminal term used when we design the study minimizing the the effect of extraneous independent variable. Conformed relationship When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of extraneous variable.the relationship between the depended and independent v variable is said to be confused by an extraneous variable. Research hypothesis The researcher hypothesis is a predicative statement that relates an independent variable to dependent variable.
Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis testing When the purpose of research is to test a research hypothesis, it us termed as hypothesis testing research. It can be experimental or non-expermantal. Experimental and control groups When a group is exposed to usual conditions, it is termed as a control group. But when the group is exposed to be some special condition, it is termed as Experimental group. Treatments The different conditions under which Experiment and control groups are put up usually referred to as treatment. Experiment The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to some research problem, is known as an Experiment.
E.g.:- we can conduct an Experiment to examine the usefulness of a certain newly developed drug. Different research design In case of Exploratory research study in case of descriptive and diagnostic research In case of hypothesis-testing research studies. Research design in case of exploratory research design exploratory research method are also termed as formulative research studied. The main purpose is that of formulate the research problem.three methods are The survey of concerning literature The experience survey The analysis of ‘inside-stimulating. 1.The survey of concerning literature This is most simple and fruitful method of formulating the research problem. Hypothesis is taken earlier workers and their usefulness be evaluating as a basis for further Research. The experience survey The experience survey means the survey of people who had practical experience.
The object is to obtain new ideas relating to the research problem. 3.The analysis of ‘inside-stimulating It is also a fruitful method of suggesting the hypothesis. It is particularly suitable in the areas where there is little experience to serve as a guide. In this method the existing records may be examined. In case of descriptive and diagnostic research in case of descriptive research study –one those studied which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular Individual, or a group. In diagnostic research study determine the frequency which some thing occur. Difference between formulative= descriptive/diagnostic Flexible design Judgmental sampling No pre-determined design No fixed decision about the operational procedures No flexibility Random sampling Pre-determined design for analysis Advanced decisions.
In case of hypothesis-testing research studies hypothesis-testing research studies known as experimental studies are those researcher tests the hypothesis of casual relationship between variables.